Tag Archives: Women’s History Month

The Story of We the People Exhibit by Pamela A. Kelly

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On March 21, 2016, I visited the National Constitution Center’s self-guided women’s history month tour. The focus of the tour is the history of women in the United States, from the struggle for equal rights to women in positions of power. The tour was quite an educational and engaging experience to take part in.

robeDuring the month of March, the National Constitution Center offers a women’s history month self-guided tour within the main exhibit called “The Story of We the People.” The focus is on the struggles that women have faced throughout American history, as well as the moments in history when women were successful in their endeavors for equality and justice. The self-guided tour begins at the main exhibit’s entrance with a section to the side of the entrance door where patrons can pick up a pamphlet that explains rather concisely the various content offered in the tour. As you walk through the doors into the main exhibit, the lights are dimmed, and the content is to the side of the room, moving in a circle. The theme appears to be expanding the freedom, focusing mainly on the creation of the United States Constitution and the decades after, as well as the obstacles Americans have faced in the name of freedom. The women’s history content is incorporated into this main exhibit, the stories and objects already on display. To guide the patron and to signal which sections are part of the women’s history self-guided tour, the museum has used rather large stickers placed on the glass cases. The women’s history tour begins farther in within the main tour, with the first woman displayed being Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Throughout, the main focus of the self-guided tour is on women’s struggle for equality, suffrage, civil-rights, the Equal Rights Amendment, and ending with a display that focuses on Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, with her judicial robe being the main focus. Numerous letters are also on display, one being the letter that Ida B. Wells wrote to address the violence taking place in the southern states. Throughout the tour, there are also touchscreens where patrons can watch and listen, with a device similar to a receiver, to some of the most influential speeches in women’s history. Aside from the content on women’s history displayed to the side of the room, there is also a “national tree of faces,” where patrons can touch a screen and learn about numerous women in history.

The self-guided tour, though rather brief, displays some of the most well-known women in the history of U.S. suffrage, civil rights, and equal rights. Beginning with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the tour contains information on the Convention in Seneca Falls. This section addresses Cady’s role in empowering women to make their voices heard, as well as to address women’s rights. This section was rather short; although, the incorporation of Seneca Falls with the next display adds strength to the tour. Having read numerous articles focusing on Seneca Falls and women’s rights, these articles give clarity to this concise section of the tour. As much of the tour focuses mostly on women’s early fight for certain rights, including the right to vote, the incorporation of both Susan B. Anthony and Ida B. Wells designates these two women as the tour’s women of the suffrage movement, yet Anthony is the woman that many people tend to see and hear about when learning about the women’s suffrage movement, so the display featuring Ida. B. Wells is quite refreshing. Ida B. Wels is also displayed within the exhibit as a woman who advocated for civil rights. Although together, the content is displayed in chronological order with the main exhibit’s content, which adds more depth to the displays but also took away from the idea of a women’s history focused tour. Aside from this, the section of the tour covering Ida B. Wells includes a paragraph detailing her story of being a passenger on a train and being violently forced out of the train car by a white male employee. 1 This story ties in with both the course content and specifically with Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham’s “African-American History and the Metalanguage of Race.” Having already read Higginbotham’s article, which details Ida B. Wells’s ordeal in-depth, the museum takes great strides in re-creating Well’s experience to the patron. The story also shows that Wells was an advocate and a woman who struggled to overcome injustice. A letter that she wrote is displayed in the glass case, which was written as an effort to expose the injustice and violence African-American men and women were facing in the South. On display some inches away from the glass case focusing on Wells is a display case dedicated to the women who struggled to organize protests, while also focusing on the proposal for the Equal Rights Amendment. It was nice to hear about the stories of these women, especially when much of the tour focuses on both many of the events and women that we typically encounter at museums showcasing women throughout history. The tour progresses through decades of women’s history, ending with Justice Sandra Day O’Connor’s story of serving on the Supreme Court. This section of the display shows another side to the tour, a side that focuses on a woman in a position of power.

Surprisingly, many of the employees at the National Constitution Center were unaware of the women’s history month self-guided tour. It also took me some time to figure out where the tour began, as I would soon realize that the self-guided tour was actually a tour of the regular exhibit that just incorporates some events in women’s history throughout. I was also surprised at how little the event was advertised, as well as how few patrons were taking the self-guided tour. Aside from this, I would prefer there to be more cohesion in the tour; sections of the tour are spread around the room. What has left me with the most questions is why some women and events were designated as part of the tour, while others were left out. It appears that the content is a regular part of the museum; the self-guided tour for women’s history month just involves the addition of stickers to guide patrons to specific display cases, but I felt that a section that focuses on prohibition and the women involved with prohibition would be interesting to add to the tour. I also question why they left out the shirtwaist factory strikes when displaying women who protested. 2 Other than the how brief the tour remains, the tour gives patrons a chance to witness the accomplishments of women throughout United States history. The inclusion of the tour within the main exhibit also allows the content to be seen by patrons who may not have visited the museum because of the women’s history tour but otherwise are able to still take part.

The women’s history month self-guided tour at the National Constitution Center provides an interesting experience, while including a lot of information within a rather brief tour. While I may have liked to have gone through a tour separate from the main exhibit, the main tour put the women’s history self-guided tour into more of a historical context, just as numerous articles read in class and Higginbotham’s article did for the women’s history tour content. Overall, the tour was a nice experience and a clever way to incorporate women’s history month inside of such a well-known United States history museum.

Notes

1 Evelyn B. Higginbotham,  “African-american Women’s History and the Metalanguage

of Race”.  Signs 17, no. 2. (1992):  251–74. Accessed March 31, 2016.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174464.

2  Daniel, Sidorick. “The “Girl Army”: The Philadelphia Shirtwaist Strike of 1909-1910.”

Pennsylvania History 17, no. 3. (2004): 323-369. Accessed March 31, 2016.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/27778620

 

Philadelphia History Museum – Power Couples by Emanuel Darby

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Sarah AllenI attended the Philadelphia History Museum’s event for Women’s History Month. It hosted historian Dr. Cynthia Little who presented a Lecture entitled “Power Couples: 1682-1873.” She focused on the Women behind some of Philadelphia’s most prominent and important male figures. These women supported their husbands in ways that were critical to their husband’s success as major and great figures. Her point was that there was power, and impact in these women playing these roles that History should take note of and recognize.

The lecture was not a presentation of a collection “Power Couple’s” if we follow the strict definition of the term. In my mind, and according to the Free dictionary, Power Couples can be defined, “as a couple both of whom have high-powered careers or are politically influential.” Most of the couples she presented would be more properly presented through the frame of one of a privileged assistant, super-secretary, advisor or consultant, to a boss. A power couple denotes, a certain level of equality, collaboration but a separation of identity, in which each person pursues their own interests.

Dr. Cynthia Little started her conversation with the Patriarch of this city, William Penn and his relationship with Hannah Callowhill. She goes on to include a collection of some of the most recognizable names in early American history, and to elaborate on why their mostly unsung and forgotten wives deserve a place in the discussion of their husbands accomplishments because they were so instrumental to their success. This would follow to be the theme and unspoken but identifiable argument of the lecture. By looking at the personal lives of these prominent men, she was able to provide a critical lense into their success that involves such an unconsidered group in the historical discipline. For this reason her talk was useful, informative and necessary.

My only reservation for this lecture are the possible truths that were revealed but were left unspoken in the marketing and storytelling aspect of this event and her talk. How do we reconcile the fact that I went to this program with expectations of learning about women who actually carved their own identities separate from their husband’s into history and instead I found women who were should be considered only through the name of their husbands? This is not exactly a negative thing. The importance that Little was obviously trying to show is that these women in of themselves were unique and special in a way that opened up these relationships to unique and gender-role transcendent possibilities.

In her examples she demonstrates how certain partners were able to form “Power Couples” through unique levels of trust between husband and wife and honest recognitions by the husbands of their wives talents and capabilities. These men entrusted uncommon levels and roles of responsibility that were normally left to the responsibility of men, to their wives. Throughout her lecture, her examples each demonstrated different levels of collaboration, and sharing of responsibilities that made some closer to what is normally defined as Power Couple, and others seem to hedge closer to the dynamic of an assistant and a Boss. Other examples turn the Gender roles completely on their heads, such as Betsy and John Ross. Little’s liberation of the definition of Power Couples is not some egregious falsehood or work of deception in order to draw in an audience, or sensationalize reality, but instead understandable and functional.

Little began her lecture with the Patriarch of this city William Penn who married Hannah Callowhill. William Penn was a man of brilliance but who was not good with money. Hannah was a daughter of a financial accountant and was trained in the practice of managing finances and advised him in financial decisions. Hannah Callowhill had strengths that were complementary to William and filled out his weaknesses. Is this a Power Couple? Maybe.

She also talked about George and Martha Washington, a couple that I found even more troubling to assign in the Power couple category. Martha Washington ran George’s plantation, and traveled thousands of miles to accompany George at Winter-camp every year to give him the emotional support that she saw as her duty. Outside of running his plantation, which although is a responsibility with much economic potential, it is not really outside the realm of the home and is not really outside of the traditional role of homemaking or the level of home business which women have historically been assigned, although considered her home is not the one found traditionally in the American home. I was not expecting to see examples of excellent companionship support systems, as the dynamic of a power couple.

The example of Franklin and his wife comes much closer to the definition of a Power Couple for several reasons.  She would socialize in place of him at gatherings and conduct business for him, and also keep him up to date and aware of the situation in the state while he was overseas. She was able to speak in his place, and stand in his place and in this way was able to assert her identity and will in the public community on an influential and impactful level and put her own touch on the society and prodigious circles. Maybe a more contextual look at what a Power Couple would mean relative to its time period would allow, us to be fairer in disagreeing with the definitions of the term. Maybe the term can expand and shrink relative to the amount of opportunity women have at the time. But on the other side of the coin there were couples that, at the same time were demonstrating the conditions of what I would call a Power Couple.

The only couple that fit the strict definition of Power Couple who she presented was Sarah and Richard Allen. Richard and Sarah were both working towards their own independent goals. They both did their own unique individual jobs, instead of just one working for the other they were both raising money to build their church, instead of Sarah strictly handling Richard’s finances. Sarah also had her own operations she conducted that were hers to claim, such as her charity the Women’s Missionary Society and she was known throughout region as a prominent figure of power. I wonder if the fact that they were already outside the status quo of the society, being an African American couple allowed them to feel more comfortably switching up the normative gender.

In a constant battle of trying to tell a full and all-encompassing history we are determined in our search for different, and open-minded angles that present the impacts and stories of history’s unmentioned groups and individuals. Cynthia Little was successful in this difficult task, but at the same time she represented the challenges in this demanding effort; which are to convince the audience, public and academia that these stories and people are worth being studied and looked into. The title and term usage of Power Couples is the visible strain of carrying out this versatile effort. The History of Women no matter how significant, and of serious importance you claim it to be will in so many ways simply not carry the aura of what general audiences will consider real history, in which one can see visible cause and effect on influential political and social levels where their decisions and emotions directly translate into law and the status quo. By saying that these women formed Power Couples we see Little trying to appeal to the general audiences’ normal conceptions of who we should talk about in history- the people who are actually carving their own individual and distinct marks in history. In a certain way Little’s use of the term is both fitting with this conception and misleading, because these women are impacting history but only through their relationships with a man who ultimately surrogates the final actions and decisions that cause the effects that create and change history.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Power Couples: Leading Men and Women in Early Philadelphia by William Kowalik

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PowerCouples_for_e-blast_copy_largeWhen you think of George Washington, does Martha pop into your mind too? What about Ben and Deborah Franklin? William and Hannah Penn? I attended a very interesting lecture at the Philadelphia History Museum presented by historian Dr. Cynthia Little entitled Philadelphia Power Couples 1682-1873 that examined the dynamics of these and more “Power Couples” and the significant roles that they both played together in defining a nation.

A very broad and complicated topic, my only complaint about this lecture that I enjoyed, was that an hour-long presentation on the subject of the lives of six significant American couples attributed to Philadelphia in some way, could only scratch the surface of the complexity of these figures and their relationships. She did however provide several sources to keep digging to conduct a deeper personal analysis of these individuals, and explain that this topic is a work in progress. Despite this, Dr. Little was able to fit quite a bit of engaging and interesting content on them. Dr. Little presented the argument as supported by other scholars, that powerful men in American history are equal part of the relationship with their female spouses, and in many cases these women offer a more significant contribution to the American story than their husbands. This Women’s History Month event clearly recognized that. We shouldn’t just think about the Founding Fathers, we should include the founding mothers as well, together, the Founding parents? That certainly is a different way to look at our deeply ingrained narrative of American history as one led by men. Clearly, this isn’t exclusively the case.

Dr. Little examined the relationships between William Penn and Hannah Callowhill Penn, George and Martha Washington, Benjamin and Deborah Franklin, John Ross and Betsy Claypoole—better known as Ross, Richard and Sarah Allen, Stephen and Harriet Smith, and James and Lucretia Mott. These women and men lived extraordinary lives and played a tremendous role in shaping our nation. This is a very varied group of individuals, some very wealthy, some middle class, some free Whites, others free Blacks, and former slaves. One important distinction that must be made is that this group was people with some affluence, status and control in society, and able to practice considerable agency. This likely would not have been the case for most early Americans whose roles would be clearly defined and prescribed and would not experience a similar status as a “power couple.” Alexis de Tocqueville said: “American women never manage the outward concerns of the family, or conduct a business or take part in a political life…no families, are so poor as to form an exception to this rule” (DuBois and Dumenil 187-188). DuBois and Dumenil establish that de Tocqueville’s statement in the 1830s was not always true and “contradicted these assertions” (DuBois and Dumenil 188).

I enjoyed Dr. Little’s inclusion of people who as she stated, “Are people who I think really deserve to be more household names because of their importance in Philadelphia” (Little). People who most people don’t know, but should. This holds true with the Smiths, who were born into slavery, bought their freedom, and become incredibly successful businesspeople both in their own right. “They are really if not the, among probably the top five or ten wealthiest Black families in the United States” (Little). They used their money to support the cause of abolition and to assist escaped slaves. While little is known about Harriet Smith, what is known about her business acumen, and her involvement with the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and the Women’s Association of Philadelphia, both organizations were immensely active in the cause of abolition (Little).

Another example of the inclusion of a lesser-known couple (at least outside of Philadelphia) is William and Hannah Callowhill Penn. Many tourists visiting Philadelphia to be convinced that it is Ben Franklin, Philadelphia’s most famous citizen—also included in this lecture, who sits atop City Hall, and not its founder William Penn. William Penn’s founding and running of Pennsylvania was not a job that only fell on his responsibility, but Hannah’s as well. Experienced in accounting and financial matters, Hannah, Penn’s second wife proved to be helpful in these areas, as he was not. Hannah managed both of Penn’s estates and organizational issues (Little). Most interesting is what happens in 1712, William Penn in failing health, suffers a stroke and is rendered incapable of managing the operations and affairs of his proprietary colony of Pennsylvania. Hannah Penn, a woman, takes over and then becomes the proprietor of Pennsylvania (Little). “Both of William Penn’s marriages appear to have been deeply affectionate relationships, but his biographers have portrayed the first as a love match, the second as a matter of convenience” (Hirsch 430). Hannah Penn herself interestingly was hesitant to take over management of Pennsylvania after Penn’s death “for fear of mismanagement” and was “but a woman” (Hirsch 433). Nonetheless, she successfully exercised tremendous agency and control in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, overseeing Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia Power Couples presented the interesting perspective of the powerful women behind, or should I say next to some of the most powerful and significant men in Philadelphia history up to the end of the nineteenth century. These women exercised tremendous authority as skilled craftspeople, businesswomen, dignitaries, philanthropists, religious leaders, and agents for social change. Some of them like Martha Washington, Deborah Franklin and Hannah Penn have often ignored by history and overshadowed by their powerful husbands, but still provided much support to their marriages and accomplishments than is traditionally recognized. Others like Betsy Ross, Sarah Allen, and Harriet Smith far outpace their husbands in their accomplishments or equally match them, and served a considerable amount of time in the spotlight dedicated to various causes, though both partners had something to contribute in their powerful marriages as power couples leading center stage in Philadelphia life was the perfect way to celebrate Women’s History Month with acknowledging and celebrating powerful women who played an important role in this time in Philadelphia and the nation.

 

Bibliography

Little, Cynthia. “Philadelphia Power Couples 1682-1873.” Philadelphia History Museum. Philadelphia.  24 Mar. 2016. Lecture.

Hirsch, Alison Duncan. “A Tale of Two Wives: Mythmaking and the Lives of Gulielma and Hannah Penn. William Penn: To Honor His 350th Anniversary. Spec. issue of Pennsylvania History: A    Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 61.4 (1994): 429-56. Print.

DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Lynn Dumenil. “Pedestal, Loom, and Auction Block.” Through Women’s Eyes. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. 186-251. Print.

 

Civil War Women at Laurel Hill by Alisha Rivera

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LHCWSome of the greatest places to find the history of women is through its cemeteries, which was my goal this Women’s History month when I went to the Laurel Hill Cemetery to get a better understanding of female participation during the Civil War. The event was called Legendary Civil War Ladies: A One Book, One Philadelphia Event. The One Book, One Philadelphia Event is an event created by the Free Library of Philadelphia where a group of people read a selected work and use Philadelphia as a way to explore it further. This month’s book was Cold Mountain and so it fit perfectly with this event. The Legendary Civil War Ladies is a project that attempted to give eleven women, all of whom participated in the Civil War and are currently buried at Laurel Hill, a story. Focusing on one of the women mentioned in the event, I plan to show how this event worked and how it failed.

The article “The Feminized Civil War” written by Alice Fahs, discusses how women often participated in the Civil War by making the home their battle ground. Female domestic participation in the war was seen as important as male participation in combat (Fahs 1464). However, their participation in the war was only held within their domestic sphere. Martha Coston, one of the women buried in Laurel Hill, participated in the Civil War outside of the sphere set for her.

According to Kerry Bryan, the guide at Laurel Hill, Coston was the wife of an inventor who unfortunately died prematurely leaving her alone with four children. One day, as she was shifting through his things she found some rough plans for a signal flair for ships. His design did not work, but she was able to work on her version for ten years. The finished product became a crucial asset for the navy during the Civil War. Still, with all her accomplishments she did not really gain the recognition she deserved.

According to an article written by Deborah Merritt called “Hypatia in the Patent Office: Women Inventors and the Law, 1865-1900”, women were often tricked by men in the commerce business to either hand over their patents to a man or, if they wanted to fight, hire a male lawyer that also took advantage of them (Merritt 252). Most women inventors at this time did not receive support from male inventors and they often did not receive full payment for their inventions. Merritt even states that “Coston believed that her gender prevented her from obtaining a fair price from governments who purchased her flares” (Merritt 300). While Coston was one of the most interesting women we learn about during the event, we ended up only spending about ten minutes on her.

The event was originally intended to be an outside one where we were supposed to take a tour of the cemetery to see each gravesite for each of the women being discussed. However, it was a cold day and so they moved everything into a cramped room. Bryan was dressed up as Mrs. Elizabeth Hutter, one of the Civil War Ladies, and she gave the tour in the form of a PowerPoint presentation. She did her best to make it feel like we were transported into history, but it did not go smoothly because she read everything out of a binder.

Because of the presentation form, each woman was only given about ten minutes of spotlight time. This was not enough time for every lady because it created watered down versions of each woman’s story. It would have been better if they choose only four or five women to talk about. That way they can give a deep analysis of each woman. In the case of Coston, it would have been interesting to see an original patent for the signal flair or be able to see an original signal flair. Primary evidence would have made the experience a little more interesting.

In addition to this, I feel like the indoor alternative should have been more interactive. People came to the event expecting to roam around the grounds. Instead they had to sit in a small room for an hour and a half. Perhaps they could have had displays set up around the building were people could walk around and spend time with each lady at their own pace. Still, despite the slight letdown of the event, what little information they did present for each woman turned out to be pretty solid. The fact that they created a research project solely based on examining the women in the cemetery gives me hope that other places will soon want to do the same.

Works Cited

Bryan, Kerry. “Legendary Civil War Ladies”. Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. 3 Mar. 2016. Tour.

Fahs, Alice. “The Feminized Civil War: Gender, Northern Popular Literature, and the Memory of the War, 1861-1900”. The Journal of American History 85.4 (1999): 1461–1494. Web.

Merritt, Deborah J. “Hypatia in the Patent Office: Women Inventors and the Law, 1865-1900”. The American Journal of Legal History 35.3 (1991): 235–306. Web.

 

How We Remember: Women in Post-Revolutionary America by Maggie Lindrooth

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Betsy-Outside-FlagWhile the credibility of the story of Betsy Ross is debatable among the historical community[1], the American public continues to visit the Betsy Ross House in droves, flocking to learn about the fabled flag-maker and the story of the so-called “first flag.” Located on 2nd and Arch Streets in Old City, Philadelphia, Ross is believed to have lived in what is now the Betsy Ross House museum from 1776-1779, during which time, according to legend, she created the first American flag.  Ross’s story became popular during the last third of the 19th Century.[2] With the help of her descendents, the story gained both popularity and widespread public acceptance. Despite persisting doubts in the credibility of the story of the “first flag” as constructed by Ross’s relatives, the house museum, opened in 1898, has continued to promulgate the idea of Betsy Ross as patriot and flag-maker. The museum creates a shrine-like atmosphere, focusing more on reconstructing fable than on factuality. However, while the museum itself is questionable in its representation, it provides insight into the larger issue of the way that women are portrayed in early American history. In honor of Women’s History Month, the Betsy Ross House featured appearances by a washerwoman, Phillis, who provided authenticity and a glimpse of what life was like for working women during the late 18th Century. This, rather than the myth of Betsy Ross, gave an effective and interesting look into the lives of 18th Century women. Questions of fact and myth aside, the Betsy Ross House serves an important function—to acknowledge and explain the lives of women in the 18th Century.

The Betsy Ross House museum was carefully organized and labeled in a way that reinforced “the cult of Betsy.” The rooms themselves were full of objects and reproductions that purportedly belonged to Ross, including a bible, a walnut chest-on-chest, Chippendale and Sheraton side chairs, her eyeglasses, and her petticoat. These items were displayed in different locations throughout the house and served to highlight different aspects of Ross’s life. The glasses and the bible were displayed in her bedroom, while downstairs in the cellar an interactive exhibit described foods Betsy would have eaten and how she was “so clever” for preserving them in her root cellar. The actor portraying Ross was a pretty young woman, sewing curtains in the room that functioned as the upholstery shop. She explained to passersby what she was working on, and described the experience of making the first flag.

Visitors who made their way to the cellar of the house during the month of March were greeted by Phillis, a freed African-American laundress, as part of the Women’s History Month event Women at Work in Revolutionary America. As part of the reason I chose to visit the Betsy Ross House, I made sure to ask Phillis about her work and her life. She explained that each laundress had her own route and neighborhood that she served. Although work was not usually contracted long-term, Phillis explained that she worked for the woman who lived in what is now the house museum on a monthly basis. However, most houses, she said, were simply a matter of luck and good timing—she would often go door-to-door and knock, asking the woman in charge of the house if the laundry needed to be done. I asked her if there was competition for work, and she said that although there were many laundresses, it was common for each washerwoman to stake out a piece of “territory”—usually several city blocks, in which she would work.. As I knew little about the lives of ordinary women during this time previous to this semester, I was interested to discover that, according to discover that, according to historian Carole Shammas in her article Female Social Structure of Philadelphia in 1775, only 2.3 percent of female heads of household in the Chestnut and East Mulberry Wards worked as washerwomen in 1775.[3]

Interestingly, it seems that Ross too was in the minority of female occupations, as only 4.6 percent of women in these wards worked as artisans, including glovers and upholsterers.[4] This sheds light on the fact that regardless of whether Betsy Ross sewed the first flag for George Washington, her occupation set her apart as a woman who, though married several times, pursued her trade and had a successful business making curtains, flags, and other household linens. Phillis the washerwoman and Betsy Ross, though very different from one another, shed light on the lives of women not through their great accomplishments as patriots, but rather through their occupations, which spoke to a level of confidence and self-assuredness regardless of the money they made.

Much of the Betsy Ross House felt rather contrived and at times overly-mythologized, but the Women at Work exhibit gave an interesting, insightful overview of women like Phillis, who more often than not are passed over in larger histories in favor of legendary figures like Betsy Ross. The majority of the house museum allowed me to see just how persistent and entrenched the Betsy Ross myth really is—the entire museum was organized around stories passed down from Ross’s relatives, who by 1870, had begun to promulgate the myth of Betsy Ross and the American flag.[5] There is little to no evidence, as Laurel Thatcher Ulrich points out in her article How Betsy Ross Became Famous, that Ross herself invented the flag’s design, and rather that she was simply hired to make Pennsylvania naval flags in 1777.[6] In fact, different versions of the flag abounded. However, Ulrich goes on to attest, it is not the flag that matters, but Betsy herself. Betsy Ross, the so-called creator of the flag and ordinary seamstress, holds a place in the hearts of the American people precisely because she was so normal.[7] She fills a void in early American history with her story—in a time swirling with romantic ideas and tales of the founding fathers, Ross provides a female figure—a patriot, a “talented businesswoman”[8], and a wife who, although she led an average life, has managed to cement herself firmly in the American popular consciousness. She represents a way for women to connect with the glorious American beginnings—a role that women like Phillis, whose lives were equally as average and equally important, are unable to fulfill. Due to her descendants’ carefully crafted and passed-down stories, Ross’s legacy endures and has become the stuff of legend. However, we must keep in mind the women like Phillis—the women who perhaps had no offspring, or whose descendants were unable to tell her story. For they, too, are the face of 18th Century America.

 Works Cited

 

[1] Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, “How Betsy Ross Became Famous,” Common Place 8, no. 1 (2007). Accessed January 26, 2016, http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-08/no-01/ulrich/.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Carole Shammas, “The Fmeale Social Structure of Philadelpha in 1775,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 107, no. 1 (1983): 75.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ulrich.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid.

New Century Trust and “Miss Representation” by Deja Sloan

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NCTOn Wednesday, March 23, I attended a special viewing of the 2011 Documentary “Miss Representation” at Philadelphia’s New Century Trust located at 1307 Locust Street. New Century Trust is an organization that is dedicated to helping women empower themselves and each other. The official vision/slogan of New Century Trust is “To improve the educational, economic and social status of women and girls.” [1]I chose this event because March was an extremely busy month for me, and this was one of the only events that could fit into my schedule. It was very easy to find the event, as it was one of the first to appear when I searched for women’s history events in Philadelphia. I had to pay $10 to attend, which seemed a little unnecessary at first, but I understood why once I realized they are a non-profit organization that operates solely to improve women’s status in society.

Upon arriving, I was asked to sign in and explain how I found out about the screening. I was then led into the main room of the house where they were serving food and drinks. There were about 30 women in attendance, most of which were in their late 30s to mid 40s and working for different non-profits around the city. I attended the event alone, so I initially felt out of place, but eventually some of the women came up to introduce themselves in an effort to make me feel welcomed. After about 45 minutes of socializing, we were all led upstairs to view the movie. They did not give much background on the film before screening it, and only offered a question and answer session afterwards. The documentary focused on the ways in which women are dehumanized in the media, politics, and in society in general. It explained the many ways in which women’s contributions to history often swept under the rug or demoted. According to the project’s official website, “The media is selling young people the idea that girls’ and women’s value lies in their youth, beauty, and sexuality and not in their capacity as leaders. Boys learn that their success is tied to dominance, power, and aggression. We must value people as whole human beings, not gendered stereotypes.”[2] There were endless examples of the hyper-sexualization of women in pop culture today, which was extremely interesting to acknowledge especially since it is something I am so used to seeing as normalized. This was perhaps the most informative part of my visit, because it explained the correlation between the historical oppression of women and how it led to how women are treated in media and so widely perceived today.

The question and answer session after the movie was brief, but also extremely informative. It allowed us to discuss some of the issues mentioned in the documentary more closely, and hear some of the personal stories of the women who could personally resonate with issues described in the film. These personal accounts really helped put the history into context, and gave us a better feel of how important women’s history still is.

Overall, I really enjoyed my visit to New Century Trust. I felt very welcome, and being one of the youngest women there, I felt as though the other women who attended were impressed with my interest in the importance of women’s history. I do, however, have a few critiques to offer. First of all, when I arrived everyone was dressed semi- professionally. There was nothing wrong with this, beside the fact that I was not notified. I showed up in a flannel shirt, jeans, and old sneakers. It made me feel out of place in the beginning but as I said before, the women in attendance were very welcoming. Eventually the feeling of alienation faded away, but I would have preferred to know this earlier so I could have been prepared. The only other critique I have is that the organization failed to really put the documentary into context before the viewing. I had heard about the documentary before, but it still would have been nice to get a concrete background on what we were about to see, and why it was important.. Of course the documentary itself was full of women’s history, but getting at least some general background on the film would have made it feel more like a detailed event.

Attending this event was not only a history lesson, but a lesson in sociology as well. Miss representation brought to life some of the ideas mentioned in “Do we still need women’s history” For example, according to the article, “Gender is a tempting and powerful framework. Far more inclusive than the category of women, it raises questions not so much about what women did or did not do, but about how the organization of relationships between men and women established priorities and motivated social and political action.” [3]This was one of the prominent themes in the movie, as it emphasized the importance of not putting the responsibility just on women to improve their status in society, but on men too. Even in the Q&A after the screening, it was brought up that no men attended the event. We discussed how feminism needs to be understood by all genders to advance women in society, much like what Kessler- Harris says in the article.

[1] “Our Vision.” New Century Trust: Committed to Women and Girls Since 1882. Accessed March 31, 2016. http://www.newcenturytrust.org/who-we-are.

[2] “The Issue – The Representation Project.” The Representation Project. Accessed March 31, 2016. http://therepresentationproject.org/film/miss-representation/the-issue/.

[3] Harris, Alice K. Do We Still Need Women’s History? December 7, 2007. Accessed March 31, 2016. https://blackboard.temple.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-4823111-dt-content-rid-50213064_2/courses/LA_MN_HIST_3225_1901956_639/Do We Still Need Womens History.pdf.

Women and the Betsy Ross House by Taylor McGoldrick

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The Betsy Ross House in Old City not only covers the life of Ross herself, but also looks inBRHto the life of her washerwoman, Phillis. Phillis worked for Ross from 1776 until the 1780s when Betsy moved out of the famed house. She was born into slavery, and was an indentured servant until the age of twenty-one, when she was given her freedom. The Betsy Ross house has made her a part of the exhibit for Women’s History Month, giving the Philadelphia public not only a look into a woman’s life during the Revolutionary Era, but a free African American woman’s life at that time.

The house itself is a self-led walking tour that takes visitors throughout the entire house and allows them to view each room and see what it was used for. Ross herself is of course a feature on the tour, but for the month of March, the Betsy Ross House has added her laundress Phillis to the tour. For her exhibit, located in the basement of the house, Phillis talks about her job of washing Ross’ clothes and linens. Originally employed by the former owner of the house, when the owner died, Ross kept Phillis on as her washerwoman.

Phillis describes her job as being done once a month, where she comes in and cleans the entire house’s wash load, for less than what was at that time two pounds. She also describes the process in cleaning linens and clothes, which she says can take up to three days. Washerwomen were expected to come and go straight to the laundry room to clean, and that was their only obligation to the household. She described how clothes were boiled in hot water that was dyed blue to take out the stains from wearing pieces for multiple days. She also mentioned how one of the tricks behind whitening clothes was to clean them with urine, because the ammonia would help to bleach any stains on pieces of cloth.

Phillis was able to learn her “valuable domestic skills…which she used to support herself when she received her freedom” while she was an indentured servant in her youth.[1] As stated earlier, Phillis gained her freedom when she turned twenty-one, and afterwards she became a laundress. Her career choice was not uncommon for a free African American woman of the time. In fact, free African American women in the south would sometimes actually hold slaves themselves and “The slaves…generally pursued the domestic work occupations of their holders,” one of these common occupations being a washerwoman.[2] Though Phillis owned no slaves, she still represented a free black woman at this time and the careers that she could pursue.

In terms of how the event portrayed Phillis and her work, I feel that it was lacking in information. The house itself was interesting to see, but in terms of engaging activities, especially for younger visitors, there was really not much to do. Phillis’ presentation was short, and it was more or less an explanation of her job, and not her life or any significant contributions she may have made. The website goes into some detail about her, but there is not much past her age, when she became free, and how she ended up becoming a washerwoman. I would have liked to see a more in-depth and engaging presentation on the life of Phillis. Even if Phillis was not a real person, it would have been useful to see insight into the actual life of a free African American woman living in the north rather than just the jobs that she may have held.

Phillis represents a typical free African American woman of the time. While she is able to obtain freedom and find a job, like most of her fellow free women at the time, her work reflects the types of jobs that they were generally funneled into at this time. Even as free men and women, many African Americans were only able to obtain service jobs for white families. Though paid for their jobs, it is still a very low wage and similar to work that they might have performed should they have lived in the south at the time.

The house itself did not seem to know much about the event either. Though it was listed as a women’s history month event online, when I went in and inquired about the event, the staff was unsure what I meant at first. There also seemed to be little preparation as well. There were no listed times on the website, so when I arrived at opening, I was told that Phillis was not scheduled to come in for another half hour. After waiting, the event still did not begin on time because the actress portraying Phillis was still setting up at the scheduled start time. I feel that the event was both poorly planned and advertised and the staff was not very helpful either.

Though we are fortunate to have such a historical site as the Betsy Ross House, I feel that it is not utilized to its full advantage. Much of the house is simply rooms with small blurbs about what each space was used for. In terms of engaging activities, there really is not much offered. Outside of the two actors that were working when I visited, there were no interactive activities, something that I believe is important for children who visit the site. Overall, I found the event to be disappointing. It was merely a character that little was known about and there was no insight into her or any of the people she may have represented. Though the main focus of the house is, of course, Betsy Ross, it is still important to give just insight into all of the characters that are included in the museum, something I wish the Betsy Ross House would have worked harder at.

 

[1] Historic Philadelphia. 2016. “Betsy Ross House: Meeting Phillis the Laundress.” Betsy Ross House. Accessed March 20, 2016. http://historicphiladelphia.org/betsy-ross-house/betsy-ross-upcoming-events/. (March 20, 2016)

[2] Stanley Engerman, “Free Black Women Slaveholders,” in The American Mosaic: The African American Experience, ABC-CLIO, 2010-, Accessed March 20, 2016, http://africanamerican2.abc-clio.com/.

Beyond Suffrage and the Right to Vote by Nicole Thomas

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Beyond Suffrage and the Right to Vote

sbaIn the month of March, our nation celebrates Women’s History Month and organizations throughout the country bring together lectures, events, and exhibits to honor the achievements of Women from the past. In Philadelphia, there were many different events being held throughout the city to celebrate Women’s History Month. The event I chose to attend was held at the National Constitution Center. I thought it would be interesting to view their advertised exhibit about Women’s roles in the Constitution. I went with pretty high expectations, as I thought a place as well known as the National Constitution Center would have a great Women’s exhibit, but unfortunately, my enthusiasm for this event went from high to low very quickly.

Going into the Constitution Center main exhibit, I expected to see at least a section of the room that was very clearly dedicated to women’s history month, something that would stand out amongst everything else, to celebrate women’s achievements in history. I was disappointed when I found out that this “exhibit”, which was really just a few small pieces of women’s history, were scattered throughout the main exhibit and I really had to search for them. They did not stand out as I had hoped. There were only four aspects of Women’s history that were on display. These included the following: some information about a few women in their virtual touch screen “American National Tree”, a letter by Susan B. Anthony and a few items from the women’s suffrage movement, Sandra Day O’Connor’s Supreme Court robe and an equal rights amendment button from the 1970s. Although I did find these items interesting, I wanted so much more. I understand that the Constitution Center was presenting women’s events that were relevant to the Constitution, but I still expected a more elaborate exhibit at least for this celebratory month.

The Nineteenth Amendment and women’s suffrage were the two most prominent aspects of women’s history that the exhibit focused on, but this focus was very broad and it left out some other very important changes that came along with suffrage and voting.   In Reva B. Siegel’s article “She the People: The Nineteenth Amendment, Sex Equality, Federalism, and the Family,” she mentions that the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment not only gained women the right to vote, but that “in the immediate aftermath of ratification, both the Supreme Court and Congress understood the Nineteenth Amendment to redefine citizenship for women in ways that broke with the marital status traditions of the common law” (1018). This right went against everything that a “true woman” should be, and now America’s “new woman”, with her extravagant hats and comfortable pants, was able to participate in the voting process, one of the most important parts of American society, without the need of man. These are among many of the very important changes that women went through in the process of gaining the right to vote, and sadly, they are not really mentioned in the exhibit.

The Constitution Center offers other Women’s History Month events, including a lecture and an interactive show that have gotten great reviews and I am sure they are wonderful, but I chose to go to the general exhibit and to do the “Women’s History Self-Guided Tour” because I wanted to see how or if they changed the main exhibit to integrate some kind of special tribute to women’s history. What I found did not feel special, and I walked away from this experience thinking about how much women’s history is really available to the public. The information that is available to the general public about the history of women is so selective and I feel that if I hadn’t learned so much about women’s history in college, I would never have the knowledge that I do now, without having to do my own research. The most pleasing aspect of my trip was the area of the gift shop that had an entire revolving rack of children’s books dedicated to women, which I found very amusing and totally unexpected due to the limited amount of information on women in the exhibit. There were several coloring books dedicated to famous American women and the first ladies. There was also a paper doll book called “Fashions of the First Ladies Paper Dolls”. These coloring books are just about the only kind of women’s souvenir you could buy, besides a few Betsy Ross items and although they were coloring books which were very clearly made for little girls, they made me feel a little bit more hopeful, and a little bit jealous that I never had one growing up.

Works Cited

Siegel, Reva B. “She the People: The Nineteenth Amendment, Sex Equality, Federalism, and the Family”. Harvard Law Review 115.4 (2002): 947–1046. JSTOR. Web.

“Women Still Not Recognized” at the National Liberty Museum by Blake Cohen

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NLMI traveled to the National Liberty Museum as my Women’s History Month event.  I chose to travel here because online it said that they would have a special exhibit dedicated to Women’s History Month.  I chose to come to this event because I had never been to the National Liberty Museum and thought it would be interesting.  It was also pay as you wish month, so as a poor college student this appealed to me.  Unfortunately, I was less than impressed.

I think what disappointed me in this event, was not what it was but how small it was.  I knew going into it, and doing my research on the event online it was going to be a wall of all these different women that people see as heroes.  I thought that when I saw it I would be amazed because online they invited people to send pictures in from all around the world, and add some if you were to come to the museum.  This wall of pictures was very small.  There were at most thirty pictures on the wall, and honestly most of them were people’s personal pictures or drawings.  I was hoping there would be more known women throughout the years with more historical influence.

There were some things nice about the exhibit.  I thought that people could bring in their own pictures or draw their own, added a really nice personal aspect to the exhibit.  The theme of the National Liberty Museum is heroes, so it was all about why these women were heroes.  This reason did make it enjoyable to read not only the historical women, but to read and learn about why people’s mothers and grandmothers were heroes.

One of the women that was on the wall was Malala Yousafzai, who I think it was one of the most influential women of our time.  Malala was born in 1997, in Pakistan.[1]  Malala began speaking out about her opposition for the Taliban’s resistance for education, especially for women.[2]  Malala and her father both received death threats, but this did not stop them for speaking out.[3]  In October 2012, Malala went to school and on her way home she was hunted down and shot by a gunman.[4]  This incident gained a lot of attention in the news, which prompted over two million people to sign the right to education petition.[5]  After Malala healed, she was seen on many different TV programs talking about what she stands for.  The way she stuck up for women, makes her a very influential and notable women from our time.

I think the fact that the exhibit did not impress me continues the trend that is seen with women.  Throughout the Women’s history they have continually been pushed to the side and have been forgotten about.  They haven’t got the same rights as men including the right to vote.  They also had to fight hard and put up strikes to get workers rights.  When it comes to dealing with women it does not seem like the same energy is put in.  This is why this exhibit disappointed me, because it just did not seem like time was put into it.  To make this exhibit better, I think more research could have been put into it.  They could have gathered more pictures of influential women throughout history, and they could have put some more information of them on the back of the pictures so we could learn about them.  I did not need the whole museum dedicated to women for the month of March, but it would have been nice if what they dedicated to women to feel like more effort was put in.

Overall, I was not impressed by the National Liberty Museum’s Women’s History Month exhibit.  It was nice that they did showcase some influential women, like Malala Yousafzai, but they could have added more.  The exhibit fit with the theme of the museum, but it would have been nice if they put more effort into the exhibit.

 

Biblography

“The Malala Fund.” The Malala Fund. Accessed March 31, 2016.

https://www.malala.org/malalas-story.

 

 

 

 

[1] “The Malala Fund.” The Malala Fund. Accessed March 31, 2016. https://www.malala.org/malalas-story.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid.

National Constitution Center’s Women’s History Inclusion by Lisa Bugasch

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NCCTo make the most out of Women’s History Month, I went to the National Constitution Center to view their exhibits and see how they incorporated women’s history into the Constitutional history of the United States. I had not been to this site for many years – not since I was a child- and my nostalgia for the history showed here made me expect magic and inspire national pride in me. I expected to learn about the founding of our nation and here about the key players that shaped the United States into what it is today. My childlike wonder may have caused me to be naïve, but I truly was expecting more women included in the main exhibits, especially since the museum boasted about its female history in a pamphlet about Women’s History Month. The National Constitution Center is lacking in the incorporation of female contributions to the development of this nation.

I visited the Richard and Helen DeVos Exhibition Hall, which is a chronology of the making of the United States. While I commend this exhibit for its interactivity, I am concerned about its lack of female contributions. The center had a pamphlet detailing the “Must-see highlights” in their exhibit to celebrate Women’s History Month. The seven highlights included shout outs to t, and a surprisingly inclusive American National Tree offering biographies of influential American citizens. The fact that there are only seven highlights that they chose from the entire museum is troubling. The NCC’s mission statement reads that “the Constitution Center brings the United States Constitution to life by hosting interactive exhibits and constitutional conversations and inspires active citizenship by celebrating the American constitutional tradition,” (National Constitution Center). The main exhibit shows a startling lack of female contribution to the United States Constitution history. Along with the women that they did mention, they could have included Florence Kelley and the National Consumers’ League, the implications of Roe v. Wade, and more women of color just to name a few. Asserting that their exhibits show “celebrate the American constitutional tradition,” while barely showing female contributions diminishes and belittles the contributions that they did make.

With all of their faults, the NCC’s American National Tree exhibit does merit some celebration. This exhibit allowed patrons to learn about over influential citizens through biographies. It showed the history of many women as well as men. This exhibit even seemed to have just as many women as there were men. I was impressed by this contribution, and I wished that they would have done more of this throughout the museum.

The National Constitution Center has the potential to become an effective representation of the importance of constitutional history. In order to do this, they must include more information about women. They should focus more on movements, events, and collective accomplishments rather than the lives of individual women. This shows the female’s greater contributions to society today, (Alice-Kessler Harris and Sonya Michel). They cannot erase the importance of women from constitutional history. By doing this, they risk the alienation from an entire gender. When young women enter this institution they deserve to see their faces represented in the exhibits. Inspiring active citizenship among one gender inspires a lack of self-efficacy in the other.

 

References

“About the Constitution Center,” Constitutioncenter.org  http://constitutioncenter.org/about

“How to Build a Women’s History Museum,” Alice Kessler Harris and Sonya Michel.  History

News Network, 2014. http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/157004