Bibliography

Foley, E. E. (2007). HIV/AIDS and African immigrant women in Philadelphia: Structural and cultural barriers to care. AIDS Care, 17(8), 1030–1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120500100890

Foley’s qualitative study on African immigrant women is a good reference to see who HIV/AIDS is affecting in recent years. Foley describes the barriers that are preventing African women from receiving treatment for HIV/AIDS. Barriers include linguistics, citizenship, misunderstandings of transmission, and fear of American healthcare. They are currently dealing with some of the same barriers the black queer community faced, as well as highlighting new issues. 

Royles, Dan. “Tales from behind the Wall: ACT UP/Philadelphia and HIV in Prisons.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 143, no. 3 (2019): 391-393. muse.jhu.edu/article/741121.

Royles explores the intersection between HIV and incarceration through the case of Greg Smith, an incarcerated black gay man with HIV. He highlights not only the criminalization of black gay men with HIV but also the lack of adequate medical care prisons provide. This will be a good reference to see how the ACT UP Philadelphia chapter continued to fight for minority communities even after the organization declined as a whole.

Avicolli, T. (1983, August 4). Interview with Joseph Gilbert; interview with “Ron,” a Person with AIDS (PWA) (Part 1). William Way LGBT community center. other. https://digital.wilcoxarchives.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A158. 

Avicolli conducts an interview with Rev. Joseph Gilbert who at the time was the leader of the Metropolitan Community Church of Philadelphia as well as “Ron”, a person in Philadelphia living with AIDS. This source will help me understand the experience of someone living in Philadelphia with AIDS at the height of the epidemic. “Ron” describes his struggles with a disease but also the support system he has to help him. 

Avicolli, T. (1983, December 28). Interview with black gay activist Billy Jones co-chair of Black and White Men Together. William Way LGBT community center. other. https://digital.wilcoxarchives.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A202.

Avicolli interviews Billy Jones who is co-chair of Black and White Men Together, an organization created to bridge the gap between black gay men and white gay men. Jones goes into depth about the organization’s founding, his role as co-chair, and projects moving forward. I plan to use this source to understand what these groups are doing to help the black queer communities during the AIDS epidemic and address racial disparities in the queer community. 

Between Ourselves: Women of Color (Washington, DC) [newspaper]: v. 1, no. 1 (Winter 1985)

This is a newspaper article dedicated to black lesbian issues. During the 1980s mainstream newspapers often focused on white gay men when discussing the LGBT community. Black gay women had to create their own spaces to talk about issues of homophobia, racism, and sexism. Most found spaces in newspaper articles and magazines. I plan to use this article as well as other magazines to understand the perspective of black gay women during the AIDS epidemic. Currently, this source is not available online. 

Ross, Allen, Val King, Tyrone Smith, and Joe Stewert. “Interview with Tyrone Smith and Joe Stewart” . Other. Tommi Avicolli Mecca Collection. Philadelphia , PA: Gay Dreams, November 30, 1986.

Allen Ross and Val King interview Tyrone Smith, chair of IMPACT (Interpreting Minority Perspectives for Action) and co-chair Joe Stewert. IMPACT is an extension of the Philadelphia AIDS task force. Their goal is to provide support and education for people of color with AIDS. This interview will tell me how the Philadelphia AIDS task force addressed the AIDS crisis in the black community as a white-run organization. 

Zipkin, Michele. “Racism Runs Deep in Philadelphia Gayborhood.” Philadelphia Gay News, October 28, 2020. https://epgn.com/2020/10/27/racism-runs-deep-in-philadelphia-gayborhood/. 

Zipkin describes how systemic racism continues to be an issue even in other marginalized communtites. This articles explores how racism perpetuates itself in queer night life in Philadelphia’s gayborhood. Some bars would deny entry to people of color, require multiple forms of ID, and even fill out applications that would take months to process. Zipkin also mentions PNG’s James C. Robert, who interviewed black gay men in the 1990s. They discussed how white gay men advocate agianst racism to further the gay rights agenda and a lack of venues availble for balck gay men. This article will help me draw similarities between Philadelphia during the AIDS crisis and Philadelphia in recent years. 

Royles, Dan. “AIDS and AIDS Activism .” Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Accessed May 1, 2021. https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/aids-and-aids-activism/. 

This article is from the Philadelphia Encyclopedia and outlines the history of AIDs and AIDS Activism in Philadelphia. It describes how Philadelphia responded to the AIDs crisis, including several AIDS organizations created to help minority communities. It also details the demonstrations held, named activists and organizations, and how Philadelphia played a key role in passing legislation for HIV prevention. This article will help me make a timeline for the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s.