{"id":3667,"date":"2026-04-15T14:11:49","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T18:11:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/?page_id=3667"},"modified":"2026-04-16T11:55:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T15:55:46","slug":"2026-livingstone-undergraduate-research-award-in-the-humanities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/2026-livingstone-undergraduate-research-award-in-the-humanities\/","title":{"rendered":"2026 Livingstone Undergraduate Research Award in the Humanities"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3667\" class=\"elementor elementor-3667\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b9b0d44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b9b0d44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58645390\" data-id=\"58645390\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68b22c40 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"68b22c40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Livingstone Undergraduate Research Award in the Humanities <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756d8f60 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"756d8f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Livingstone Undergraduate Research Award in the Humanities <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-356c6f57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"356c6f57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-61aeaed6\" data-id=\"61aeaed6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9a7026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2a9a7026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"281\" height=\"15\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/files\/2026\/04\/Light_blue_bar-2026.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3519\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e3654f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e3654f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-181a0f8f\" data-id=\"181a0f8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36331032 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36331032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW97549917 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW97549917 BCX0\">Stephen Francisco Walicki<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP Selected SCXW97549917 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:160}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-300f6f95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"300f6f95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30c417ca\" data-id=\"30c417ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-397d2a5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"397d2a5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/files\/elementor\/thumbs\/stephen-scaled-rm1ybz0k659rharxr1en3j9daw93xbreeafrze45yk.jpg\" title=\"stephen\" alt=\"stephen\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21fc787 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"21fc787\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-24f0cb94\" data-id=\"24f0cb94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-352d482d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"352d482d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW152403572 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152403572 BCX0\">Pleasantness of a Different Kind: Hierarchical Processing and Valence Content<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP Selected SCXW152403572 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:160}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b0fdfc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b0fdfc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-35994917\" data-id=\"35994917\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66799ad4 elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"66799ad4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">View Stephen's project online <\/span>\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tin TUScholarShare, Temple University\u2019s institutional repository \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34944\/eq98-7b96\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClick here\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e3395f9 elementor-section-stretched elementor-hidden-phone elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e3395f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67cadb7b\" data-id=\"67cadb7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a00551f\" data-id=\"3a00551f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20aff26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"20aff26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/temple.hosted.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=89c122a0-4b6b-48db-9f67-b42d0138ed37&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=true&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=true&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"405\" width=\"720\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67aef363\" data-id=\"67aef363\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5077b092 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5077b092\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5daf3861\" data-id=\"5daf3861\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a4162b\" data-id=\"74a4162b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed9a6d elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6ed9a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/temple.hosted.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=89c122a0-4b6b-48db-9f67-b42d0138ed37&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=true&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=true&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"405\" width=\"720\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76916a8a\" data-id=\"76916a8a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51f9ff3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51f9ff3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-68a861f4\" data-id=\"68a861f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b89219 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"51b89219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">About the project<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1371\"><p>&#8220;Valence&#8221; is a term adopted from chemistry by psychologists to refer to psychological positivity and negativity. Contemporary philosophical accounts suggest that valence is homogenous across all mental states. I critically assess three arguments for homogeneity and argue that valence is non-homogenous.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3aa81411 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3aa81411\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-32d4b1b0\" data-id=\"32d4b1b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-184e1843 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"184e1843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">About Stephen<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4071\"><p><b>What is your major and expected year of graduation?<\/b><\/p><p>My major is philosophy and I will graduate in May 2026.\u00a0<\/p><p><b style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size: var(--typography_size_html);background-color: var(--color_content_background)\">What inspired you to pursue your project?\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p>My project was recommended to me by my faculty mentor, Dr. David Wolfsdorf. Engaging with a new field (psychology and neuroscience) kept me interested throughout my research.\u00a0<\/p><p><b style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size: var(--typography_size_html);background-color: var(--color_content_background)\">How did the Libraries support your research?<\/b><\/p><p>The libraries supported my research in three main ways. First, Temple librarians Rick Lezenby and Fred Rowland instructed me on how to use the BookBot, and introduced me to the Web of Science database. Second, I made use of the Temple library collection through the BookBot and stacks. Third, and finally, I used Temple library access to retrieve full-length digital texts, academic journal articles, and conference papers.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30217d76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30217d76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c05d83a\" data-id=\"2c05d83a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ef1f27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"1ef1f27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">From Stephen's faculty advisor<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3241\"><p>When Stephen approached me over a year ago to ask if I would be willing to advise his research, I suggested that he consider the topic of valence. The word &#8220;valence&#8221; was appropriated by psychologists in the 1930s from chemistry (cp. the valence or valency of atoms). Since then, psychologists have used &#8220;valence&#8221; in several ways; but the current dominant use pertains to the study of emotions or affect: emotions are said to be &#8220;valenced&#8221; or to possess &#8220;valence,&#8221; i.e., to be positive or negative. In recent years, philosophers have also taken an interest in valence. In my own work, I am interested in the relation between valence, the semantics of evaluative language, and the nature of value-laden mental states such as valuing. Following some initial research advice from me, Stephen proposed to consider philosophical accounts of the content and function of valence, and in particular the interrelation of valence&#8217;s content and function. In the course of researching this topic, including eliciting advice from professors in Temple&#8217;s Psychology department, Stephen landed on a more fundamental question. Philosophical discussions treat valence as if it were uniform across emotions or affective experiences. Influenced by accounts of valence in appraisal theories of emotion from psychology, in particular accounts that distinguish micro- and macro-valences, Stephen argues that philosophical conceptions of the uniformity of valence are dubious. In his paper, he critically assesses three arguments that philosophers have advanced for the uniformity of valence. He then develops an argument from complex emotions for the non-uniformity of valence. From his initial engagement with the topic of valence to the arguments in his current paper, Stephen&#8217;s research trajectory evinces impressive intellectual autonomy, understanding of challenging material from diverse theoretical domains (philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience), and a creative ability to integrate these disparate contributions to formulate original ideas.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p><b>-David Conan Wolfsdorf,<\/b>\u00a0Professor, Department of Philosophy, College of Liberal Arts<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47156c59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47156c59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4e661b\" data-id=\"b4e661b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d240162 elementor-alert-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-alert\" data-id=\"6d240162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"alert.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-alert\" role=\"alert\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-title\">About the Award in Humanities<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-alert-description\"><br><span style=\"font-size: 24px\">This category covers research methods in the humanities (in both traditional and digital forms). Disciplines represented include such fields as Art History, Classics, Literature, Film Studies, Linguistics and Languages, History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies. Much of the scholarly output in the humanities relies upon traditional library research methods using primary and secondary sources, though the specific source types consulted will vary from discipline to discipline. \n\n <\/span><br><span style=\"font-size: 24px\">\n<\/span><br><span style=\"font-size: 24px\">\nThis award is generously sponsored by John H. Livingstone, SBM \u201949. <\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"elementor-alert-dismiss\" aria-label=\"Dismiss this alert.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"entry-summary\">\nLivingstone Undergraduate Research Award in the Humanities Livingstone Undergraduate Research Award in the Humanities Stephen Francisco Walicki\u00a0 Pleasantness of a Different Kind: Hierarchical Processing and Valence Content\u00a0 View Stephen&#8217;s project online in TUScholarShare, Temple University\u2019s institutional repository Click here About&hellip;\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/2026-livingstone-undergraduate-research-award-in-the-humanities\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;2026 Livingstone Undergraduate Research Award in the Humanities&rdquo;<\/span>&hellip;<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3146,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/no-intro.php","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3667","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3146"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3667"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3667\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3789,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3667\/revisions\/3789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/livingstone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}