{"id":106,"date":"2024-10-24T21:16:03","date_gmt":"2024-10-25T01:16:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/?p=106"},"modified":"2024-10-25T16:22:01","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T20:22:01","slug":"radiation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/2024\/10\/24\/radiation\/","title":{"rendered":"Radiation!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purpose<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To demonstrate the relative penetrating power of different radioactive sources and their everyday presence using a Geiger Counter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Procedure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use a Geiger counter to measure different types of radiation and their penetrating power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Note that samples are held by EHRS until safety training is completed. They must be locked up and properly stored.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Show that:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Alpha radiation is stopped by paper.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Beta radiation is stopped by thin metal (aluminum).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gamma radiation requires large amounts of lead.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Present everyday devices that contain radioactive materials, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smoke detectors (containing americium).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fiestaware dishes (containing uranium).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Radiation Intensity vs. Distance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I<sub>1<\/sub>\u200b = d<sup>2<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>\u200b\u200b \/ I<sub>2<\/sub> d<sub>1<\/sub><sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mineral Source: UP4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Measurement<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Count Rate (cpm)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>3.5&#8243; unshielded<\/td><td>855<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; in shoebox<\/td><td>361<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7&#8243; unshielded<\/td><td>155<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; paper bag<\/td><td>392<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; glass beaker with lid<\/td><td>191<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; using side (gamma source)<\/td><td>173<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fiestaware Plate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Measurement<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Count Rate (cpm)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>3.5&#8243; unshielded<\/td><td>666<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; in shoebox<\/td><td>669<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7&#8243; unshielded<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; paper bag<\/td><td>537<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; glass beaker with lid<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; using side (gamma source)<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lantern Mantel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Measurement<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Count Rate (cpm)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>3.5&#8243; unshielded<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; in shoebox<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7&#8243; unshielded<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; paper bag<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; glass beaker with lid<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.5&#8243; using side (gamma source)<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Radioactive Item Descriptions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Radioactive Item<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Size<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Isotope<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Ludlum Count<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Eberline Count<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Bicron 50 Count<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>CDV-700 Count<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Background<\/td><td>atomic random<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>50<\/td><td>30<\/td><td>25<\/td><td>20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>#2 weak Uraninite from Arizona<\/td><td>&gt;1&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>60<\/td><td>30<\/td><td>30<\/td><td>20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>from Arizona #1 weak Uraninite<\/td><td>&gt;1&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>100<\/td><td>60<\/td><td>60<\/td><td>20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2% Thorium<\/td><td>Welding rod, red tip 1\/8 x 7&#8243;<\/td><td>Thorium-228<\/td><td>300<\/td><td>250<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>30<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uranium Glass<\/td><td>3 glass marbles 1\/2&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>450<\/td><td>250<\/td><td>100<\/td><td>40<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>from Arizona #3 uranium ore<\/td><td>&gt;1&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>2,400<\/td><td>1,000<\/td><td>450<\/td><td>200<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>from N. Carolina Megalodon tooth<\/td><td>5&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>2,600<\/td><td>1,200<\/td><td>320<\/td><td>200<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>from Wyoming Schrockingerite<\/td><td>1&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>3,200<\/td><td>1,600<\/td><td>600<\/td><td>500<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CDV-700 Meter 700 check source<\/td><td>1\/4&#8243;<\/td><td>Cesium-137-?<\/td><td>5,000<\/td><td>2,600<\/td><td>1,800<\/td><td>1,800<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>from Arizona Uraninite\/carnotite<\/td><td>5&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>8,000<\/td><td>4,000<\/td><td>1,000<\/td><td>800<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lantern mantles<\/td><td>2&#8243; x 3&#8243;<\/td><td>Thorium-228<\/td><td>21,000<\/td><td>7,000<\/td><td>2,000<\/td><td>1,300<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Autunite crystals<\/td><td>1\/2&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>22,000<\/td><td>20,000<\/td><td>3,500<\/td><td>2,800<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fiestaware (red) Coffee Cup<\/td><td>3&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>32,000<\/td><td>14,000<\/td><td>3,200<\/td><td>3,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fiestaware (red) Saucer &#8211; 6&#8243;<\/td><td>6&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>32,000<\/td><td>14,000<\/td><td>3,000<\/td><td>3,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fiestaware (red) Bowl 6 3\/4&#8243;<\/td><td>6 3\/4&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>40,000<\/td><td>16,000<\/td><td>4,000<\/td><td>5,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fiestaware (red) Serving plate<\/td><td>14 1\/4&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>43,000<\/td><td>18,000<\/td><td>4,500<\/td><td>4,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Autunite cluster from Spokane, WA<\/td><td>1\/2&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>46,000<\/td><td>22,000<\/td><td>10,000<\/td><td>8,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Smoke detector Detector sensor<\/td><td>1\/8&#8243;<\/td><td>Americium-241<\/td><td>80,000<\/td><td>42,000<\/td><td>14,000<\/td><td>250<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coffinite from Colorado<\/td><td>5&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>110,000<\/td><td>32,000<\/td><td>10,000<\/td><td>8,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uraninite from Colorado<\/td><td>7&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>150,000<\/td><td>44,000<\/td><td>15,000<\/td><td>12,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gummite<\/td><td>1\/2&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>220,000<\/td><td>58,000<\/td><td>60,000<\/td><td>180,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Torbernite from Congo<\/td><td>1&#8243;<\/td><td>Uranium-238<\/td><td>330,000<\/td><td>&gt;60,000<\/td><td>50,000<\/td><td>28,000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Estimates of Radiation Exposures<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.orau.org\/ptp\/collection\/consumer%20products\/fiesta.htm\">Nuclear Regulatory Commission Publication: NUREG 1717<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principal Radiation Exposure Pathways from Fiestaware and Uranium-Containing Tableware<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gamma Ray Exposure<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Exposure to the body from gamma rays emitted by radionuclides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exposure rates reported by Buckley et al.:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dinner plate surface: 0.5 to 15 mR\/hr<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One meter: 0.002 to 0.3 mR\/hr<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effective dose equivalent rates at various distances:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1 foot: 6.5 x 10^-4 mrem\/hr (10&#8243; Plate), 3.7 x 10^-4 mrem\/hr (3.5&#8243; Cup)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 feet: 7.7 x 10^-5 mrem\/hr (10&#8243; Plate), 4.1 x 10^-5 mrem\/hr (3.5&#8243; Cup)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>6 feet: 1.9 x 10^-5 mrem\/hr (10&#8243; Plate), 1.1 x 10^-5 mrem\/hr (3.5&#8243; Cup)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Beta Particle Exposure<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Exposure to the hands from beta particles emitted by radionuclides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Measured beta-gamma dose rates:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>0.5 to 20 mrad\/hr on contact.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Annual estimated doses:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>400 mrem to lips, 1200 mrem to fingers from daily use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ingestion of Uranium<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Uranium leaching into food from ceramic glaze.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concentrations measured in contact with red glazed dinnerware:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1.8 to 8.6 ppm in acetic acid (24 hours).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Up to 41 to 51 ppm (60 hours).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Estimated ingestion exposure: 40 mrem per year for regular users of uranium-containing dinnerware.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Purpose To demonstrate the relative penetrating power of different radioactive sources and their everyday presence using a Geiger Counter. Procedure Present everyday devices that contain&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/2024\/10\/24\/radiation\/\">Continue Reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Radiation!<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":36673,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-106","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-demonstrations","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36673"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":107,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106\/revisions\/107"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=106"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.temple.edu\/chemdemo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}